How does Twitter determine users' household income for ad targeting?

Twitter doesn't directly determine users' household income for ad targeting. Instead, it relies on a combination of factors and data sources to estimate users' income levels indirectly. Here are some methods Twitter may use:

1. **User-Provided Information**: Users may provide demographic information such as age, gender, education, and occupation in their Twitter profiles. While this information may not directly indicate income, it can provide some insights into users' socioeconomic status.

2. **Third-Party Data Providers**: Twitter may partner with third-party data providers that aggregate and analyze consumer data from various sources, such as public records, surveys, and purchasing behavior. These data providers may offer income estimates or segmentation based on factors such as zip code, occupation, or purchasing behavior.

3. **Behavioral Data**: Twitter may analyze users' behavior on the platform, such as the accounts they follow, the tweets they engage with, and the content they share. Certain behaviors may be indicative of certain income levels or interests associated with specific income brackets.

4. **Lookalike Modeling**: Twitter may use lookalike modeling techniques to identify users who have similar characteristics to existing customer segments provided by advertisers. While this method doesn't directly determine users' income, it can help advertisers reach audiences with similar characteristics, including income levels.

It's important to note that Twitter may not explicitly disclose the specific methods or data sources used to estimate users' income levels for ad targeting. Additionally, the accuracy of income estimates may vary, and users have limited control over how their data is used for advertising purposes.